Kanazawa Map: How the City Fits Together — and the 2026 Fares Every English Guide Still Gets Wrong

Guide·September 2, 2026·24 min read·Sourced & cross-checked

Here is what nobody tells you about Kanazawa: the station is not the center of the city. Kenrokuen, Kanazawa Castle, the 21st Century Museum, the Higashi Chaya teahouses and the samurai walls of Nagamachi all sit roughly 1.5 to 3 km southeast of Kanazawa Station, clustered around Korinbo and Hirosaka. Omicho Market sits halfway, and it is the only one with an official walking time: 12 min from the Kenrokuen Exit. Everything else, you ride to.

What you ride is one loop bus route circling the whole cluster in both directions — and this is where every English guide is out of date. On February 1, 2026 Hokuriku Railroad raised fares across the group by an average of about 18 percent: the Loop Bus is now 220 yen a ride and 800 yen a day, central buses run a stepped 220 / 250 / 270 yen zone fare, and on August 1, 2026 the Komatsu Airport limousine went to 1,400 yen.

The second thing everyone gets wrong: the Thunderbird has not reached Kanazawa since March 16, 2024. It terminates at Tsuruga, and JR West did not merely reroute it — it abolished the old Kanazawa transfer discount outright.

Honto check: Bus fares, both loop timetables, day-pass coverage and counters, and the Komatsu Airport fare table were read on Hokuriku Railroad's site, including its October 22, 2025 fare-revision release. Garden and castle hours, admission, the early-morning rule, the Ninomaru Goten schedule and the stone-wall repairs came from Ishikawa Prefecture; museum facts from kanazawa21.jp; rail facts from JR West and MLIT; district access lines from the Kanazawa Tourism Association. All read in Japanese on August 27, 2026. Deliberately not stated: walking times from the station to Kenrokuen, Higashi Chaya, Nagamachi or the museum (no official source publishes them — only Omicho Market has one, and the "25 to 30 minutes" in English blogs comes from nobody official); combined fare totals for Tokyo-Kanazawa and Osaka-Kanazawa (JR publishes these only inside table images we could not verify as text); the Kyoto-Kanazawa journey time (not stated officially anywhere we looked); and how much of the castle park the shelter closes off (the prefecture does not say).
TOC

The shape of Kanazawa: one cluster, and a station off to the side

Hold Kanazawa as two blocks: a station district in the northwest, full of hotels, and a sightseeing cluster in the southeast — Kenrokuen and the castle, Korinbo and Nagamachi, and Higashi Chaya across the Asano River — with Omicho Market between them at Musashigatsuji. Note that the tourism association describes every district by bus stop, not walking route.

DistrictOfficial access lineSuggested time there
Omicho Market12 min walk from the station's Kenrokuen Exit, or 5 min by route bus; the Musashigatsuji / Omicho Market stop is outside the door—
KenrokuenAbout 3 min walk from the Kenrokuen-shita / Kanazawa Castle stopAbout 40-50 min
Higashi ChayaAbout 5 min walk from the Hashiba-cho stop, or from the Flat Bus Zaimoku route's Asanogawa-Ohashi stopAbout 60 min
Nagamachi samurai districtAbout 5 min walk from Korinbo, or right at the Flat Bus Nagamachi route's Nagamachi Buke Yashiki stop60 min
21st Century MuseumAbout 10 min by bus from East Gate bays 3 and 8, then no walk at all—

Which sights are actually next to each other?

Three links are officially documented. From the castle's Ishikawa-mon gate you cross the Ishikawa Bridge to Kenrokuen in about 1 minute. From Kenrokuen's Mayumizaka gate the 21st Century Museum is straight across the crosswalk. Omicho Market to Oyama Jinja is about 7 minutes. The castle-garden-museum core is one walk.

How long does the classic core take?

The tourism association's model course covers Omicho Market, Kenrokuen and Kanazawa Castle in about 3 hours 30 minutes, bus rides included, and a separate walking course from Omicho Market to Higashi Chaya takes 1 hour. Together, a full day needs four bus rides.

The Loop Bus is the map: right loop versus left loop

The Kanazawa Castle Town Loop Bus leaves from Kanazawa Station East Gate, bay 7 and runs in both directions. The most useful sentence about moving around this city: the right loop is the fast way to Higashi Chaya and Kenrokuen; the left loop is the fast way to Korinbo, Nagamachi, Katamachi and Nishi Chaya.

DestinationRight loop from the stationLeft loop from the station
Musashigatsuji / Omicho Market5 min6 min
Hashiba-cho (Higashi & Kazuemachi teahouses)12 min30 min
Kenrokuen-shita / Kanazawa Castle18 min27 min
Hirosaka / 21st Century Museum21 min23 min
Korinbo24 min10 min
Katamachi—12 min
Hirokoji (Teramachi temples, Nishi Chaya)—15 min
Minami-cho / Oyama Jinja26 min8 min

Read that as a decision rule. Teahouses or the garden? Right loop. Samurai district, Katamachi or the western temples? Left loop. The museum barely cares — budget 20 to 25 minutes.

A Japanese transit videographer's uncut driver's-eye ride on the left loop, leaving Kanazawa Station at 12:30. Without a word of Japanese it gives you the city's shape — station district, Omicho Market, the Korinbo spine, then the castle moat — and shows why Korinbo is 10 minutes this way around and 24 the other. On-board fares shown may predate the February 2026 rise.

Where exactly does the Loop Bus leave from?

East Gate, bay 7. The east side is officially the Kenrokuen Exit and carries every sightseeing bus; the west side is the Kanazawa Port Exit, home of the airport limousine. Getting those backwards is the commonest Kanazawa mistake, after the wrong loop direction.

How often does it run, and when does it stop?

The right loop runs 8:30 to 18:00 at roughly 15-minute intervals (00, 15, 30, 45 past). The left loop runs 8:38 to 17:58 at roughly 20-minute intervals (18, 38, 58 past). Every service terminates at Kanazawa Station, so you can always ride home. Figures are from the timetable revised April 1, 2026; the operator's phone line is 076-234-0123, 8:00 to 18:00 daily.

Do I have to ride the loop the whole way around?

No. The 800-yen pass also covers ordinary route buses inside the designated central area, and the operator names two shortcuts it unlocks: Hashiba-cho to Musashigatsuji / Omicho Market and Kenrokuen-shita to Korinbo — direct by route bus, a long way around by loop.

What changed on February 1, 2026 — the fare rise nobody translated

Every Kanazawa bus fare went up on February 1, 2026. Hokuriku Railroad filed for the increase on October 22, 2025 at average revision rates of 18.59 percent for Hokuriku Railroad and 18.42 percent for Hokutetsu Kanazawa Bus. The result: every English fare table written before 2026 is wrong — by 10 to 30 yen a ride, and by 200 yen on the day pass.
FareBeforeFrom February 1, 2026
Loop Bus, single ride200 yen220 yen (child 110 yen)
Loop Bus / city 1-day pass600 yen800 yen (child 400 yen)
Central zone 1 / 2 / 3210 / 240 / 260 yen220 yen / 250 yen / 270 yen
Distance-based minimum fare180 yen190 yen
Komatsu Station to Komatsu Airport280 yen310 yen

Is the city center really a flat fare?

No — that is the detail English guides flatten. Central Kanazawa uses a three-zone stepped fare, not one rate. But the tourist core, station to Korinbo to Kenrokuen to Higashi Chaya, sits in zone 1, so 220 yen is what you actually pay nearly every time.

Where do I buy the day pass, and when do the counters open?

Not on the bus. The operator states the pass is not sold on board the Loop Bus; buy it beforehand at a window or your hotel. The Ticket Center sits near bay 4 of the west-side terminal, open 7:00 to 19:30; the Hokutetsu Group office near East Gate bay 7 opens 7:00 to 19:00. Early landings, note those 7:00 openings.

What happens if I ride beyond the pass area?

You pay the full boarding fare from the boundary stop, not the difference — the operator spells that out. Refunds carry a 100-yen handling fee. The pass also brings small discounts: group rates at the 21st Century Museum, 50 yen off at Shima and the Nomura house, 100 yen off at Kaikaro, and 310 yen down to 260 yen at several city museums.

The other buses: Flat Bus, Light-Up Bus and JR West

Several services overlap the Loop Bus. JR West runs its own buses from East Gate bay 5 at a minimum adult fare of 210 yen, covered by the 800-yen pass inside the designated area — take whichever shows up first.

What is the Flat Bus, and why is it still 100 yen?

Because it belongs to the city, not Hokuriku Railroad — so the February 2026 increase never touched it. The Kanazawa Flat Bus charges 100 yen for adults and 50 yen for children across four routes (Konohana, Kikugawa, Zaimoku, Nagamachi) at roughly 20-minute intervals, all covered by the 800-yen pass. Its value is precision: the Nagamachi route stops at Nagamachi Buke Yashiki itself, inside the samurai district rather than five minutes away at Korinbo.

Does the 800-yen pass cover the Light-Up Bus?

No — it is written into the exclusions in so many words. The Kanazawa 1-Day Free Pass excludes fixed-route sightseeing buses, highway buses, limited-express buses and the Kanazawa Light-Up Bus. That is a separate Saturday-night service at 20-minute intervals, departing East Gate bay 7 between 19:00 and 21:40; the last full circuit returns at 22:25. It costs 300 yen a ride or 600 yen for its own pass, and is likewise not sold on board. It adds May 3, May 4 and November 22 in the 2026 fiscal year, and every service is suspended for the whole of January 2027.

Getting to Kanazawa from Tokyo

One train, no changes: the Hokuriku Shinkansen, officially 450.5 km. The limited-stop Kagayaki is fastest, the Hakutaka stops more, and the Tsurugi shuttles between Toyama and Tsuruga.

How long does it take, and what does it cost?

Plan on about 2 hours 24 to 25 minutes on the fastest Kagayaki — and to be honest about that number, JR West publishes times for the March 14, 2026 revision inside a table image we could not verify as text, while Japanese press reporting gives the new best time as 2 hours 24 minutes. The published price is the surcharge: 6,370 yen unreserved, reserved 530 yen more, so 6,900 yen in the regular season. Add the base fare and you are at roughly 14,000 to 15,000 yen one way — no single official JR page states that total, so treat any exact figure as an estimate. It runs high partly because the line changes operator at Joetsumyoko, adding a documented 1,320-yen two-company charge.

Did anything change for rail travelers in March 2026?

Two things, and neither has reached most English guides. JR East revised its fares for purchases made from March 14, 2026, honoring tickets bought by March 13 at the old fare even for later travel. And JR-wide, round-trip and consecutive tickets were discontinued from March 14, 2026, killing the old 10 percent return discount on journeys over 600 km. Tokyo-Kanazawa is 450.5 km each way, so it never qualified anyway — but any guide still recommending a return ticket is selling a product that no longer exists. If you are pricing passes against point-to-point tickets, see our JR Pass guide, the JR Pass price breakdown and how to buy shinkansen tickets.

From Osaka or Kyoto: the Thunderbird trap

You cannot take the Thunderbird to Kanazawa. Not since March 16, 2024. When the shinkansen extension opened over the 125.1 km from Kanazawa to Tsuruga, the ministry record lists the services withdrawn: the Thunderbird between Tsuruga and Kanazawa / Wakura Onsen, and the Shirasagi between Tsuruga and Kanazawa. The Thunderbird still runs beautifully from Osaka — it just stops at Tsuruga now.

What is the one rule I must not break at Tsuruga?

Do not exit the ticket gates. JR West's 2023 release grants the discounted combined surcharge only when you transfer between the shinkansen and the Thunderbird or Shirasagi at Tsuruga without exiting the ticket gates. In the same document, in one line English coverage never picked up, it says of the old Kanazawa discount: 「乗継割引」は実施いたしません — it will not be implemented. Osaka to Kanazawa via the transfer is officially 2 hours 9 minutes, 22 minutes quicker than the old direct run; Nagoya-Kanazawa is also 2 hours 9 minutes.

Did the Osaka trip get cheaper or more expensive?

More expensive. The combined figures sit inside table images we could not verify as text, so we will not state them as official. Japanese rail media put Osaka-Kanazawa at roughly 9,410 yen reserved against about 7,790 yen before — some 1,600 yen more for a trip 22 minutes faster. Treat both as secondary reporting. No official Kyoto-Kanazawa time exists, so we will not invent one. Starting on the Tokaido corridor? See our Tokyo to Kyoto guide.

From Komatsu Airport: 1,400 yen since August 2026

Komatsu Airport (KMQ) is the closest airport, and Hokuriku Railroad's limousine reaches Kanazawa Station without a change. No reservation, free Wi-Fi, pay as you get off, and allow about 40 minutes.

Boarding stopAdult (child)
Korinbo, Musashigatsuji / Omicho Market, Kanazawa Station West Exit, Ekinishi Godo Chosha-mae1,400 yen (700 yen)
Hokuriku Mattou1,200 yen (600 yen)
Mattou Kaihin Koen1,100 yen (550 yen)
Komatsu Station310 yen (160 yen)

Which side of Kanazawa Station does the airport bus use?

The west side — the Kanazawa Port Exit — opposite the Loop Bus at East Gate bay 7. Usefully, the Ticket Center is on that same west side: get off, buy the 800-yen pass from 7:00, then walk through to the east side. Ishikawa Prefecture records the fare going from 1,300 to 1,400 yen on August 1, 2026, which is why English guides still quote the old number. Alternatively, Komatsu has been a shinkansen station since March 16, 2024, so the 310-yen bus to Komatsu Station plus a shinkansen runs about 30 minutes.

Kenrokuen and Kanazawa Castle Park: hours, prices, and the free hour before dawn

They sit side by side across the Ishikawa Bridge under one prefectural office, but charge differently. Kanazawa Castle Park is free and open daily. Kenrokuen is 320 yen for adults 18 and over and 100 yen for ages 6 to under 18, with groups of 30 or more at 250 and 80. Visitors 65 and over enter free with official proof of age, as do visitors with a disability certificate plus one carer. Cash, major cards, Suica, ICOCA and PASMO are all accepted.

March 1 – October 15October 16 – end of February
Kenrokuen7:00 – 18:00 (last entry 17:30)8:00 – 17:00 (last entry 16:30)
Kanazawa Castle Park (free)7:00 – 18:008:00 – 17:00
Castle paid buildings9:00 – 16:30 (last entry 16:00), year-round

Can I really get into Kenrokuen free before dawn?

Yes — one of the great free experiences in Japan, with two conditions people miss. Only two gates open for it: Renchimon-guchi and Zuishinzaka-guchi. Turn up at the main gate and you will be sent away. And you must be out 15 minutes before paid opening, hence the separate last-entry time.

PeriodFree early openingLast entry
March 1 – March 315:00 – 6:456:30
April 1 – August 314:00 – 6:456:30
September 1 – October 155:00 – 6:456:30
October 16 – October 315:00 – 7:457:30
November 1 – end of February6:00 – 7:457:30

A sourcing note: the city tourism association words these windows differently from the prefecture, and we used the prefectural garden-management page, because that office operates the gates. The castle park runs its own early opening on a similar schedule — from 4:00 between April 1 and August 31.

Is Kenrokuen free on weekends?

Only if you live in Ishikawa. Saturdays and Sundays are Prefectural Residents' Appreciation Days: free for Ishikawa residents with ID, not visitors. English guides that flatten this into "free on weekends" are simply wrong. Free for everyone: the cherry-blossom period (about seven days), the Hyakumangoku Festival in early June, Obon, August 14 to 16, Culture Day, November 3, and December 31 to January 3. The prefecture confirmed 2026 Obon in an August 7 notice: 7:00 to 18:00, last entry 17:30.

What is worth paying for inside the castle park?

Four reconstructed structures are ticketed: the Hishi-yagura turret, Gojikken Nagaya storehouse, Hashizume-mon Tsuzuki Yagura and Hashizume-mon gate, open 9:00 to 16:30 (last entry 16:00) year-round at 320 yen for adults. Doing both? Buy the combined Kenrokuen Plus One ticket at 500 yen. Two other restored gates, Kahoku-mon and Nezumita-mon, are free. Matcha with a wagashi at Gyokusen-an is listed at 1,000 yen — confirm on the day, since teahouse prices were revised on April 1, 2026.

What you will actually see in 2026: a giant shelter and a lot of stonework

Why is there a huge shed over part of the castle?

That is the Ninomaru Goten reconstruction. The prefecture broke ground in March 2025 and states that building the palace begins after the temporary shelter was completed at the end of fiscal 2025 — the end of March 2026. Framing finishes around fiscal 2030 and the first phase around fiscal 2033. This is not an inconvenience you can wait out; it is the view for years. How much is fenced off is not stated officially, so we will not guess.

Can I see the earthquake damage and the repairs?

You can, deliberately and for free — one of the most under-reported things in Kanazawa. The Noto Peninsula earthquake of January 1, 2024 left five collapses and 23 deformations in the castle's stone walls and two further collapses in Kenrokuen, including at Sazae-yama. Since July 19, 2025 the prefecture has run a free viewing route at the Imoribori moat, where recovered stones are surveyed and stored and you can watch the Honmaru south wall being rebuilt close up.

The 21st Century Museum: open now, closed from May 2027

The round glass museum on Hirosaka is open all of 2026. Its own page states it plans to close for major refurbishment from May 6, 2027 until March 2028. If you have read that it is closed for renovation right now, that is a misreading of this announcement — and 2026 is the year to go.

Do I need a ticket to go inside?

Not to enter the building. There is a free public zone open 9:00 to 22:00 and a ticketed exhibition zone open 10:00 to 18:00, until 20:00 on Fridays and Saturdays, closed Mondays and over New Year. Same-day tickets sell from 9:30 and stop 30 minutes before closing. In the 2026 program a special exhibition ran at 1,200 yen and the collection exhibition at 450 yen, so check the current show — prices are set per exhibition.

What English guides still get wrong about Kanazawa

Common claimWhat the official source says in 2026
"Take the Thunderbird from Osaka to Kanazawa"Impossible since March 16, 2024. Change at Tsuruga.
"You get the Kanazawa transfer discount"Abolished. The replacement applies at Tsuruga only without exiting the gates.
"The Loop Bus is 200 yen, the day pass 600"220 yen a ride, 800 yen a day pass since February 1, 2026.
"Flat 200-yen fare in the city center"Stepped zone fare of 220 / 250 / 270 yen.
"Buy the day pass on the bus"Not sold on board. Buy at a window or hotel first.
"The 800-yen pass covers the Light-Up Bus"It does not. That bus is 300 yen a ride.
"Airport bus is 1,300 yen"1,400 yen (child 700) since August 1, 2026.
"Kenrokuen is free on weekends"Free Saturdays and Sundays for Ishikawa residents with ID only.
"Free early entry, any gate"Only via Renchimon-guchi and Zuishinzaka-guchi, and you must leave 15 minutes before paid opening.
"The museum is closed for renovation"Open all of 2026. The closure runs May 6, 2027 to March 2028.
"Buy a return ticket for 10 percent off"Round-trip tickets were discontinued JR-wide from March 14, 2026.

One quieter trap: the official Kenrokuen and castle website moved to a new domain in April 2026, with old URLs redirecting. For checking things on your phone as you go, our Japan eSIM guide covers data cheaply, and our Suica and IC card guide explains how those cards behave outside Tokyo.

FAQ

How much is the Kanazawa Loop Bus in 2026?
A single ride is 220 yen for adults and 110 yen for elementary-school children; the one-day pass is 800 yen and 400 yen. Those are Hokuriku Railroad’s own figures. Any guide quoting 200 yen a ride or a 600-yen day pass predates the February 1, 2026 fare revision, when the group raised fares by an average of about 18 percent. The pass is not sold on board.
Is the 800-yen day pass worth buying?
It pays for itself on the fourth ride: three rides cost 660 yen, four cost 880. It is also broader than the Loop Bus alone, covering Hokuriku Railroad route buses inside the designated central area, JR West buses, the Flat Bus and the Shopping Bus, which unlocks direct shortcuts the loop does not make. It does not cover the Light-Up Bus.
Can I still take the Thunderbird from Osaka straight to Kanazawa?
No. Since March 16, 2024 the Thunderbird terminates at Tsuruga, and its Tsuruga-Kanazawa and Tsuruga-Wakura-Onsen sections were discontinued when the shinkansen extension opened. You ride to Tsuruga and change to a Hokuriku Shinkansen train. The official fastest Osaka-Kanazawa time is 2 hours 9 minutes, 22 minutes quicker than the old direct run.
What happened to the old Kanazawa transfer discount?
JR West abolished it. Its 2023 release says in so many words that the discount previously applied when changing between the shinkansen and a limited express at Kanazawa will not be implemented. A replacement applies at Tsuruga instead, and only if you transfer without exiting the ticket gates. At Tsuruga, follow the transfer signs and stay inside.
How much is the bus from Komatsu Airport?
The limousine runs nonstop, no reservation, pay as you get off. To Kanazawa Station West Exit, Korinbo or Musashigatsuji-Omicho Market it is 1,400 yen for adults and 700 for children, up from 1,300 on August 1, 2026. Allow about 40 minutes. It uses the west side of the station, opposite the Loop Bus.
How much does Kenrokuen cost, and is it ever free?
Admission is 320 yen for adults 18 and over and 100 yen for ages 6 to under 18; visitors 65 and over enter free with proof of age. Genuinely free days are the cherry-blossom period, the Hyakumangoku Festival, Obon on August 14 to 16, Culture Day and December 31 to January 3. Weekends are free for Ishikawa residents only, with ID.
Is the 21st Century Museum closed for renovation?
Not in 2026. The museum’s own page states it plans to close for major refurbishment from May 6, 2027 until March 2028. Through 2026 it runs normally: the exhibition zone 10:00 to 18:00, until 20:00 on Fridays and Saturdays, closed Mondays, plus a free public zone from 9:00 to 22:00. If this museum is the reason you are going, go in 2026.
Can I pay for buses with Suica or a credit card?
On the Loop Bus, yes: ICa, contactless credit-card touch payment and a digital ticket are all listed. You board at the rear and pay at the front as you get off. The Flat Bus is route-dependent, with Zaimoku and Nagamachi taking nationwide IC cards such as Suica and ICOCA while Konohana and Kikugawa take ICa only, and you pay as you board.
Ready to go? Browse Kanazawa experiences →
Affiliate link — English checkout, no extra fee. See our disclosure.

Bottom line (2026) — Kanazawa's sights sit southeast of the station, reached on the Loop Bus from East Gate bay 7, now 220 yen a ride and 800 yen a day after the February 1, 2026 fare rise; right loop for Higashi Chaya and Kenrokuen, left loop for Korinbo. The Komatsu Airport limousine is 1,400 yen since August 1, 2026. From Osaka you change at Tsuruga without exiting the gates. Kenrokuen is 320 yen; the 21st Century Museum closes May 6, 2027.

Sources

Loop Bus route, both timetables, the 220-yen fare, 800-yen day pass, the not sold on board rule, East Gate bay 7, pass coverage and exclusions, the Light-Up Bus, and the Komatsu Airport fare table: Hokuriku Railroad (timetable revised April 1, 2026). Zone fares and average revision rates: its fare-revision release of October 22, 2025, implemented February 1, 2026. Flat Bus fares and routes: Kanazawa City. The August 1, 2026 airport-bus increase from 1,300 yen: Ishikawa Prefecture's official tourism site. Shinkansen distance, surcharges, the March 2024 Tsuruga extension, the withdrawn Thunderbird and Shirasagi sections and the 2-hour-9-minute Osaka-Kanazawa time: an MLIT transport-council document. The Tsuruga discount and the abolition of the Kanazawa one: JR West, September 22, 2023; the March 14, 2026 revision: JR West, December 12, 2025; the fare revision and end of round-trip tickets: JR East. Garden and castle hours, admission, early opening, free days, the Ninomaru Goten schedule and the stone-wall repairs: Ishikawa Prefecture. Museum hours, prices and the closure: the 21st Century Museum of Contemporary Art, Kanazawa. District access lines: Kanazawa Tourism Association. All read in Japanese on August 27, 2026. Fares and hours change — confirm officially before you travel. The embedded video is by its creator, used through YouTube's own embed function.

Some links on this page may be affiliate links, which means we may earn a commission if you book or buy through them — at no extra cost to you. See our affiliate disclosure.

Free PDF guide
3 Golden Routes & 7 Hidden Gems

Tokyo to Osaka, Tokyo to Kyushu, Tokyo to Hokkaido — day by day — plus seven places most visitors never reach.

  • 12 pages, 80 photographs, every stop linked to its guide
  • Every price and opening hour read from the official page
  • Re-issued monthly, so it does not go stale in your inbox

Free. One email a month, plus the rare change that matters. Unsubscribe with one click in any email. By subscribing you agree to our privacy policy.

Cover of the PDF guide 3 Golden Routes and 7 Hidden Gems
Let's share this post !

Author of this article

Researched in Japanese, written in English. Every guide is sourced from official information and cross-checked before we publish.

TOC